TLR4 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Indeed, TFF3 can activate various signaling pathways, such as TLR4 [83], MAPK [84], NF-κB [85], PI3K-AKT [86], STAT3 [87], mTOR [88], and HIF-1α [89], to repair damaged mucosa, regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, which are associated with T2DM, NAFLD as well as other disorders.