IL10 and gastroenteritis: While some studies have reported that Bt-MVs can trigger the onset of colitis in a genetically susceptible host,130 or may not be effective in inducing the expression of IL-10 in both colonic and blood DCs of IBD patients,137 others have reported that the administration of Bt-MVs to DSS-colitis mice alleviated the symptoms of intestinal inflammation by upregulation of IL-10 production in colonic tissue and in splenocytes in mice.164 Further studies on this commensal bacterium and its MVs are required to determine the pathways and conditions that stimulate these various activities.