Further research indicated that α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR, one of the ionotropic glutamate receptors) antagonist NBQX, the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) inhibitors RepSox and SB431542, the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX3397, and the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) agonist muscimol can all inhibit the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine in animal models of depression. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1R and depressive symptom measurement.