Specifically, trained innate immune cells produce higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as well as IL-15 and type I interferons (IFN), and chemokines including IL-8 and or monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) that regulates not only the migration and activation of cells at the site of infection or inflammation but can also have profound bystander effects on NK cell activation (27, 28, 64, 65). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.