TNF and pulmonary tuberculosis: Regarding Acr, a study from Ethiopia assessed Acr-specific cytokine responses and reported significantly higher levels of TNF-α and IL-10 induced by Acr in the untreated pulmonary TB patient group than in the household contact group using the WBS assay; conversely, IFN-γ showed no significant difference between the two groups, which was consistent with our study findings (58).