PIK3CD and glioblastoma: As for drugs involved in the PIK/mTOR signaling pathway (A.4JW.7.52.1, NVP.BEZ235, rapamycin, and temsirolimus), Quail et al. demonstrated that the activation of the PI3K pathway in recurrent GBM can be enhanced by both macrophage-derived IGF-1 and tumor cell IGF-1R (Quail et al., 2016), thereby indirectly confirming their potential anticancer effects within the context of the IGF-1R signaling pathway.