Once inside the CNS, these cytokines activate microglia, the innate immune cells in the brain, to produce more pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (INF-γ) (Hoogland et al., 2015; Zrzavy et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2023), ultimately resulting in long-lasting neuroinflammation that leads to neuron loss and cognitive impairment (Sekino et al., 2022; Hu et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Cognitive impairment.