IRF1 expression has been reported to be reduced in the hearts of humans with dilated cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, whereas in mice with pressure overload caused by banding of the thoracic aorta there was an early upregulation of IRF1 after 3–7 days, followed by a reduction in IRF1 protein in the heart by weeks 4–6 (124). Here, IRF1 is linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.