TRAF2 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Additionally, recent research has reported that TRIM47, an E3 ubiquitin ligase highly expressed in ECs, activates NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways through K63-associated TRAF2 ubiquitination to promote LPS-induced lung inflammation and the development of ALI/ARDS in ECs [26].