FXR−/− mice have significantly higher rates of hepatic cancer.413,417 In addition, TGR5 by unknown mechanisms antagonizes the activity of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways, resulting in suppressed Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or IL-6 induced proliferation of liver, gastric, colorectal, and breast cancer.281,536. Here, STAT3 is linked to breast carcinoma.