This effect was reversed in TGR5−/− mice.289 Similarly, BAR501 administration was shown to similarly reinforce M2 macrophage phenotypes during mice models of colitis, along with suppressed expression of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-7, and IFNγ.284 Both examples highlight how TGR5 agonists may serve as immunomodulators in chronic inflammation. This evidence concerns the gene GPBAR1 and colitis.