TNF and Insulin resistance: Recent experimental evidence suggests that insulin resistance may precede adipose tissue inflammation, implying that the initiation of insulin resistance does not hinge on adipose tissue inflammation.71 In fact, signaling mediated by TNF-α and IL-1β is indispensable for the expansion of adipose tissue, and the absence of this proinflammatory signaling exacerbates insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice.72 These findings underscore the crucial role that certain inflammatory mediators play in maintaining healthy white adipose tissue homeostasis.