TNF and vitiligo: For example, Laddha et al. (2012) reported elevated levels of TNFα in vitiligo patients compared to the control group, while several other studies have reached the opposite conclusion, finding no significant difference in TNFα concentration compared to normal controls (Pichler et al., 2009; Singh et al., 2012; Camara-Lemarroy and Salas-Alanis, 2013).