Notably, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-10, along with C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), CXCL9, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and CD8+ T cells, play pivotal roles in the onset and progression of vitiligo (Beyzaee et al., 2022; Hlača et al., 2022). Here, TNF is linked to vitiligo.