Therefore, FN is also a key factor mediating CAF functions (Jang and Beningo, 2019; Barbazan et al., 2023; Galbo et al., 2023), and its elevated levels in tumor ECM are often associated with poorer survival rates in cancer patients (Barkan and Chambers, 2011; Bae et al., 2013; Balanis et al., 2013; Fernandez-Garcia et al., 2014; Shinde et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene FN1 and cancer.