INS and Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen disease: In response to the persistent hyperglycemic state and the corresponding cellular damage, cells in DMC patients, such as pancreatic β cells, produce large amounts of associated stress proteins, including insulin, which exceeds the ability of the ER to eliminate misfolded proteins, leading to the accumulation of a large number of unfolded or misfolded proteins that can trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR), thus resulting in ER stress and even DMC-related cell apoptosis (Yong et al., 2021).