NPPA and colitis: E. coli, a widely studied member of Enterobacteriaceae which is closely related to Kp, was previously shown to transcriptionally adapt to inflammation in different mouse models of colitis, including DSS treatment20 and IL-10−/− mono-association.66 In these scenarios, E. coli was found to down-regulate genes involved monosaccharide-utilization20 and up-regulate genes promoting stress-response, iron-metabolism and amino acid catabolism.20,66YcfR (Bhsa), corresponding to our peg.3829, was also upregulated in this dataset.