NPPA and infection: A sizable fraction of individuals carries low amounts of intestinal MDR-Kp, which blooms following antibiotic treatment mostly in healthcare settings, facilitating infection and transmission to other patients.8–10,57 Several mouse models have been established to recapitulate intestinal MDR-Kp colonization and identify the underlying mechanisms of adaptation and transmission;6,8,12,13 however, the interplay between the bacterium and host immunity in this context has not been studied.