TNF and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: To determine whether the protective effect of hUC-MSC injection was associated with modulation of intra-myocardial inflammation in DCM, the relative expression levels of mRNAs encoding cytokines/chemokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, IFNγ, CCL2), a T cell-specific marker (CD3) and a macrophage-specific marker (F4/80) were quantified in heart tissue samples from all groups.