A previous study demonstrated dysregulation of GPR43 modulated by dysbiosis of GM resulted in podocyte insulin resistance and glomerular injury in DN while another research discovered butyrate reversed insulin resistance through GPR43 mediated suppression of oxidative stress and NF-κB signaling in mice model, which prevented mesangial matrix deposition and renal fibrosis [16, 60]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to renal fibrosis.