Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that multiple genes associated with prostate cancer were overexpressed in TRRs compared to other regions, including the well-known prostate cancer biomarker PCA3 gene and the recently identified diagnostic biomarker TMTC4, which is highly specific for prostate cancer19 (Supplementary Figs. 8 and 9, and Supplementary Methods). This evidence concerns the gene PCA3 and prostate carcinoma.