Since the impairment of vascular endothelial cells, especially the glycocalyx damage, is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of CLS, they utilized a range of techniques, such as assay of serum biomarkers (angiopoietin-2, syndecan-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, lactate, and interleukin-6), intravital microscopic observation, and non-invasive bioelectrical impedance analysis. This evidence concerns the gene ANGPT2 and capillary leak syndrome.