Candidate variables with a univariate relationship (p < 0.2) and clinical relevance including disease duration, type of anti-TNF drugs, prior or concomitant use of 5-ASA and methotrexate, and other relevant variables that had been reported such as IBD type and azathioprine, were included in the multivariable model as confounders (Table 2) (Roblin et al., 2020; Demase et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and inflammatory bowel disease.