TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: As the first biological agents, anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) monoclonal antibodies, mainly including infliximab and adalimumab, have been widely used to treat moderate to severe IBD patients over the past two decades and have been proven effective and mature (Derkx et al., 1993; D'Haens and van Deventer, 2021; Rundquist et al., 2021).