TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Currently, the medical therapies for IBD mainly include 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) (such as mesalamine and sulfasalazine), corticosteroids (such as budesonide and prednisone), immunosuppressants (such as azathioprine and methotrexate) and biologic agents (e.g., anti-TNF, anti-integrins, anti-interleukin-12 and anti-interleukin-23) (Torres et al., 2017; Roda et al., 2020; Cushing and Higgins, 2021; Nakase et al., 2021; Le Berre et al., 2023).