TRAF6 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Furthermore, exosomes released by non-small cell lung cancer cells inhibit the expression of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK1) in M0 macrophages, impairing M1 polarization and diminishing their ability to eliminate tumor cells (Yan et al., 2022).