Nanovesicles derived from Artemisia species carrying plant-derived mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) induce the cGAS (cyclic GMP–AMP synthase)–STING (stimulator of interferon genes) pathway, thereby promoting the transition of pro-tumor macrophages to an anti-tumor phenotype and enhancing the efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitors (Liu et al., 2023). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.