As shown in Fig. 6B–C, both CXCL1 knockdown in EV-dead and macrophage depletion partially inhibited the promotion effect of EV-dead on TNBC growth and lung metastasis in the mouse 4 T1-Luc xenograft model, leading to the increased OS of the mammary tumor-bearing mice. Here, CXCL1 is linked to breast cancer.