Thus, to identify the role of activin in inflammation-assisted PDAC development, we employed the well-described inducible animal model39,55–57 and confirmed that activin production is increased in pancreatitis induced in functional WT mice which was further exacerbated in the presence of Kras. These data suggest that activin may be a therapeutic target for AP, CP, and early PDAC development in humans. This evidence concerns the gene INHBE and alkaline phosphatase measurement.