TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: The C-DEGs exhibited enrichment in the TNF signaling pathway (Padj = 5.00 × 10–4), herpes simplex virus 1 infection (Padj = 0.0057), Rheumatoid arthritis (P adj = 0.4 × 10–3), viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor (Padj = 0.0042), malaria (P adj = 0.012) lipid and atherosclerosis (Padj = 0.033), inflammatory bowel disease (Padj = 0.019), and PPAR signaling pathway (Padj = 0.025) (Fig. 3C, Supplementary Table S2).