Herein, immunohistochemical staining of lung tissue revealed a marked upregulation of LC3B and Beclin1 and downregulation of p62 in SMCs in PAs of idiopathic PAH (IPAH) patients compared with human controls (Figure 6 and Supplemental Table 1). The gene discussed is MAP1LC3B; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.