PTX3 and influenza: Among the most promising approaches for VAPA are (i) recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-γ), currently employed as prophylaxis in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (131), which could help overcome the impaired IFN-γ signaling identified in VAPA, and (ii) natural anti-Aspergillus antibodies or PTX3 for tackling IgG deficiency and B-cell suppression in patients with severe influenza or COVID-19 (71, 132, 133).