VDR and gestational diabetes: Studies in gestational diabetes mellitus (84, 85) confirmed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mutations at VDR-rs10783219 and MTNR1B-rs10830962 significantly increased the risk of GDM, ApaI-rs79785232, BsmI-rs1544410, FokI-rs2228570 and TaqI-rs731236 are associated with GDM occurrence in the Saudi Arabian region (Table 2).