CD38 and nephritis: Regarding two Co-IRs analysis, Fig. 5A to E demonstrated nephritis patients exhibited a statistically significant increase in the cell numbers of CD4 + CD279 + TIM3 + (0.5075 ± 0.09351%, (N = 67) vs. 1.127 ± 0.2388%, (N = 22), p = 0.0045); CD4 + CD127 + TIGIT + (3.634 ± 0.4631%, (N = 67) vs. 5.587 ± 0.6844%, (N = 23), p = 0.0303); CD8 + HLA-DR + CD127 + (1.322 ± 0.1797%, (N = 46) vs. 5.183 ± 1.346%, (N = 6), p < 0.0001); CD8 + HLA-DR + CD38 + (11.23 ± 0.9701%, (N = 63) vs. 18.41 ± 2.934%, (N = 22), p = 0.0033).