The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the TME is supported by an in vitro co-culture model using the human seminoma-like cell line TCam-2 and immune cell fractions, where TCam-2 cells induce immune cells activation and generate a strong pro-inflammatory milieu through producing IL-2, IL-6 and TNFα [52, 56, 57]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is seminoma.