ATF3 and ischemic stroke: Similarly, we measured serum ATF3 levels in non‐stroke control (n = 8) and patients who were 24 h after ischaemic stroke (n = 21) and found that the serum ATF3 level was also significantly elevated in ischaemic stroke patients (101.0 ± 13.7 pg/mL) compared to non‐stroke controls (35.9 ± 8.5 pg/mL) (p < .01) (Figure 5c), especially in patients with moderate to high NIH Stroke Scale/Score at 24 h (Figure 5d).