In addition to tumor cell cytotoxicity, paclitaxel has been reported to activate macrophages into pro-inflammatory phenotype by binding to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on the macrophage cell surface 6 or by binding to the TLR4 accessory protein, myeloid differentiation factor 2, in the cytoplasm 7. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and neoplasm.