As a ligand for TLR2 and TLR4, extracellular HSPA1A potently stimulates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathway and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (73). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.