HSPA5 and cancer: It was found that the interaction of Cripto and GRP78 at the surface of cell membranes is crucial for cancer cell proliferation, potentially mediated via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) pathways and suppression of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-dependent phosphorylation of small mother against decapentaplegic 2/3 (SMAD2/3) (79, 80).