The Mediterranean diet has positively impacted the metabolic control of people with T2DM. It leads to a decrease in HbA1c levels, associated with a decrease in microvascular complications. Additionally, adherence to the Mediterranean diet increased gut microbiota diversity and richness, which promote gut homeostasis and have been linked to improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.