PDGFRA can further activate the AKT pathway through hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A), leading to increased glioblastoma proliferation and contributing to its malignancy.72 Drugs, such as imatinib, sorafenib, nilotinib and sunitinib, have been developed to target PDGFRA in the tumour setting.43 Nevertheless, agents targeting PDGFRA have, so far, been found unsuitable due to toxicity and/or disease progression despite treatment.73-77. Here, HIF1A is linked to glioblastoma.