Pharmacologic trials in progress enrolling individuals in the AD spectrum include: metformin (04511416, 04098666), metformin with lifestyle/dietary modifications (05109169), intranasal insulin/empagliflozin (05081219), liraglutide (05313529), semaglutide (04777396, 04777409; isrctn.com # ISRCTN71283871), dasatanib/quercetin (04685590, 05422885), canakinumab (04795466), and nicotinamide (05617508, 04430517, 05040321). Here, INS is linked to Alzheimer disease.