TNF and colonic neoplasm: Figures 5A–E show significant increases in the mRNA expression of TNF-α (4.58-fold), NFκB (5.33-fold), IL-1β (4.99-fold), cyclin D1 (4.07-fold), and IL-6 (3.55-fold) in the colon cancer group compared to the saline group (p < 0.05; Figures 5D–G).