MAPK3 and Cerebral ischemia: Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminated kinase (JNK) are key regulators of apoptosis in response to cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury (4).