Interestingly, the upregulation of astrocyte-derived TGF-β1 has also been identified in the spinal cord of symptomatic ALS mice, and its pharmacological inhibition has been shown to extend the survival of ALS mice (Endo et al., 2015; Endo and Yamanaka, 2015). Here, TGFB1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.