Furthermore, when cBMDM-sEVs were added to the co-cultures of RA-FLS transfected with miR-100-5p mimics, increased expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, and MMP-13 were observed, contrasting with the lower expressions observed in RA-FLS co-cultured with cBMDM-sEVs and transfected with NC mimics. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.