Of interest, in infections by and during phagocytosis of only gram-negative but not gram-positive bacteria, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) released in the cytosol of phagocytes are sensed by, directly bind to, and stimulate human caspase-4 and caspase-5 or mice caspase-11 (independently of TLR4), resulting in the oligomerization and auto-cleavage-based activation of the caspases, and induces the non-canonical activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. This evidence concerns the gene NLRP3 and infection.