Notably, drugs targeting the IL-18/IL-18R signaling axis, such as IL-18R antagonist or components resembling naturally occurring IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) and anti-IL-18 antibodies, are in development and testing for diabetes related conditions, including hypertension and chronic kidney diseases [83–85], as well as HIV infection [41]. Here, IL18R1 is linked to HIV infectious disease.