The observed inverse associations of Ruminococcus and Adlercreutzia with IL-18R1 and diabetes thus might be related to the potential anti-inflammatory effects of these two bacteria given their functionalities in generating biomolecules with immunomodulation and inflammation suppressive effects (e.g., SCFAs from Ruminococcus species [45]; equol, an isoflavandiol estrogen, from Adlercreutzia  [46]). Here, IL18R1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.