INS and diabetes mellitus: While preclinical evidence showed that physiologically pancreatic adipocytes stimulate insulin secretion in β cells by releasing FAs (Quiclet et al. 2019), clinical studies found that the pathological development of fatty pancreas is linked to β-cell dysfunction and reduced insulin secretion (Tushuizen et al. 2007, Van Der Zijl et al. 2011, Chin et al. 2021, Yamazaki et al. 2022), although to what extent this association is preserved when diabetes is overt is uncertain (Tushuizen et al. 2007, Lu et al. 2019, Chin et al. 2021).