TNF and ischemic stroke: In an ischemic stroke model, ACSL4 promoted ferroptosis-induced brain injury and neuroinflammation with similar findings to neuro-COVID-19 events, such as infarct size increase, reduced neurological function, microglial activation, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-1β) [284].