In a phase 1/2a clinical trial (ID: NCT02257177), inhalation of GB0139 was shown highly suitable for dosing IPF patients and was associated with reductions in plasma biomarkers linked to IPF pathobiology, including platelet-derived growth factor-beta, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, galectin-3, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18, and chitinase-3–like protein 1 (YKL-40) (32). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.