IFNB1 and cancer: The IFNα level remained consistently low across all the tested groups (Figure S4A, Supporting Information), consistent with the previous studies showing that IFNα is produced mainly by immune cells.[60] In contrast, the IFNβ level increased in the DC of both MSCs and cancer cells compared to that in the culture of cancer cells or MSCs alone (Figure 5A; Figure S4B, Supporting Information).