CEACAM1 and colorectal carcinoma: For instance, F. nucleatum binds to the bacterial receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM-1) via the protein CbpF, leading to the dissociation of CEACAM-1 from its associated cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 to trigger a growth factor-like signaling cascade in CSCs to enhance CSCs stemness and then promote CRC reactivation and metastasis [57].