CXCL1 and colorectal carcinoma: It has been demonstrated that gut pathogenic bacteria can lead to a significant increase in the levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, IL-9, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ, in the body thereby inducing CRC metastasis [33].