For example, pantoprazole reportedly increased the number of TAMs in the TME, as well as enhanced CD11c expression and phagocytosis, and influenced macrophage shape.314 Interestingly, a recent meta-analysis suggested a heightened risk of cancer in PPI users versus non-users.315 This might be due to the inhibition of H+/K+ ATPase by PPIs in parietal cells, which leads to increased release of gastrin from G-cells.316 Gastrin has long been suspected to be a potential risk factor for GC. The gene discussed is GAST; the disease is cancer.