Our study also illustrates that CA and HF patients display divergent characteristics in echocardiographic and CPET variables, as well as NTproBNP: CA patients demonstrated better performance indices (VO2peak, OUES, CP, VP) with higher HRrest, SV, and CO but showed lower performance with higher E/e’ and NTproBNP (Fig. 4a, c). This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and hydrops fetalis.