Thus, contrary to the initial study of PD-L1-deficient mice reporting increases in the production of IFN-γ and severe autoimmunity (Latchman et al., 2004), IFN-γ is unlikely to be a principal driver of autoimmunity in the absence of PD-1 or PD-L1 in humans. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and Autoimmunity.