TGFB1 and cancer: The family of transforming growthfactor-β (TGFβ) ligands modulate a plethora of cellularprocesses in a tissue context-specific manner.1 Aberrant regulation of these pathways is associated with a numberof diseases, most notably cancer and fibrosis.2−4 However, severalchallenges hamper translation of current anti-TGFβ strategiesinto broad clinical practice including an acceptable benefit–riskratio, which certainly depends on the medical indication.